Reported Speech (Mowa zależna)
Co to jest mowa zależna?
Reported speech to sposób przekazywania cudzych wypowiedzi własnymi słowami, bez cytowania dosłownego. Najczęściej używamy czasownika say, tell lub ask.
Jak tworzyć mowę zależną?
- Zmiana czasu (czas cofamy o jeden do tyłu – tzw. "backshift").
- Zmiana zaimków i określeń czasu/miejsca.
- Brak cudzysłowu, zdanie podrzędne zwykle po that (można pominąć).
Direct speech: "I am tired."
Reported speech: She said (that) she was tired.
Reported speech: She said (that) she was tired.
Zmiany czasów
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| Will | Would |
| Can | Could |
Przykład: "I will help you" → He said (that) he would help me.
Zmiany zaimków i określeń
- this/these → that/those
- now → then
- today → that day
- tomorrow → the next day
- yesterday → the day before
- here → there
Przykłady
- Direct: "I'm learning English."
Reported: She said (that) she was learning English. - Direct: "We have finished."
Reported: They said (that) they had finished. - Direct: "Will you help me?"
Reported: He asked if I would help him. - Direct: "I can swim."
Reported: She said (that) she could swim.
Wskazówki i wyjątki
- Jeśli cytowana wypowiedź jest wciąż aktualna, czasów nie musisz cofać.
- W pytaniach i rozkazach zmienia się szyk zdania: He asked me where I lived., She told me to sit down.
- Po tell zawsze podajemy osobę: She told me. Po say – nie: She said (that)...